A Level Biology P1 Topical 2012 – 2022 | 2023-2025 Syllabus | Iram Habib Malik

CONTENT PAPER 2
1 Cell Structure 5
1.1 The Microscope in cell Studies
1.1.1: Microscopes, Magnification and units 6
1.1.2: Microscopy with stage micrometer and eyepiece graticule scale 29
1.2 Cells as the Basic Units of Living Organisms
1.2.1: Organelles 41
1.2.2: ATP 96
1.2.3: Prokaryotic cell 100
1.2.4: Virus 113
2 Biological Molecules 117
2.1 Testing for Biological Molecules
2.1.1: Test for carbohydrates 118
2.1.2: Test for Lipids 136
2.1.3: Test for proteins 137
2.2 Carbohydrates and Lipid
2.2.1: Carbohydrates 141
2.2.2: Lipids 188
2.3 Proteins 203
2.4 Water 257
3 Enzymes 263
3.1 Mode of action of Enzymes
3.1.1: Structure 264
3.1.2: Mode of action 277
3.2 Factors that Affect Enzyme Action
3.2.1: Factors 284
3.2.2: Michaelis Menten constant 303
3.2.3: Inhibitors 310
3.2.4: Immobalized enzymes 323
4 Cell Membranes and Transport 325
4.1 Fluid mosaic Membranes
4.1.1: Structure and Function 326
4.1.2: Cell signalling 354
4.2 Movement into and out of Cells
4.2.1: Diffusion osmosis and active transport 356
4.2.2: Surface area to volume ratio 382
4.2.3: Water Potential 386
5 The Mitotic Cell Cycle 402
5.1 Replication and Division of Nuclei and Cells
5.1.1: Structure of chromosome 403
5.1.2: Cell cycle 407
5.1.3: Telomeres 414
5.1.4: Cancer and stem cells 419
5.2 Chromosome Behaviour in Mitosis 423

6 Nucleic Acid and Protein Synthesis 455
6.1 Structure of Nucleic Acids and Replication of DNA
6.1.1: Structure of nucleotide 456
6.1.2: Structure of DNA 467
6.1.3: Semi conservative DNA 478
6.1.4: Structure of RNA 484
6.2 Protein Synthesis
6.2.1: Genetic code 488
6.2.2: Transcription and Translation 496
6.2.3: Gene Mutation 504
7 Transport in Plants 508
7.1 Structure of Transport Tissues
7.1.1: Structure of root, stem and leaf 509
7.1.2: Xylem 529
7.1.3: Phloem 534
7.2 Transport Mechanisms
7.2.1: Transport of water 540
7.2.2: Transpiration 558
7.2.3: Xerophytic plants 574
7.2.4: Transport of assimilates 582
8 Transport in Mammals 605
8.1 The Circulatory System
8.1.1: Double circulation 606
8.1.2: Blood vessels 608
8.1.3: Blood cells 619
8.1.4: Tissue fluid 626
8.2 Transport of Oxygen and Carbondioxide
8.2.1: Transport of gases 632
8.2.2: Bohar shift and dissociation curve 650
8.3 The Heart
8.3.1: Structure 670
8.3.2: Working of Heart/ Cardiac cycle 675
9 Gas Exchange 700
9.1 The gas Exchange System
9.1.1: Structure 701
9.1.2: Gas exchange in alveoli 725
10 Infection Diseases 734
10.1 Infectious Diseases 735
10.1.1: Cholera 737
10.1.2: Malaria 741
10.1.3: Tuberculosis 747
10.1.4: HIV 754
10.2 Antibiotics 758

11 Immunity 768
11.1 The immune System 769
11.2 Antibodies and Vaccination
11.2.1: Structure of antibodies 787
11.2.2: Monoclonal antibodies 790
11.2.3: Types of immunity 797
11.2.4: vaccination 805
Answer Keys 814